Criminology With Solved Past Papers By Syed Zafar Naqv (NOA Publication)
(Best For Competitive Exams (CSS,PMS,PCS & All Descriptive Exams)
PREFACE
2025 Edition
I feel a great sense of accomplishment and pride in presenting the 4th edition of this book. With each edition, I have made extensive revisions to ensure that the content remains aligned with the CSS Criminology syllabus, past examination trends, and expected patterns. This book is structured to help aspirants develop a clear understanding of key concepts and confidently attempt the exam.
A major enhancement in this edition is the inclusion of the latest solved past papers. In previous editions, the CSS Criminology papers for 2022 and 2023 were solved. This time, the latest past papers have been added with detailed solutions, providing aspirants with a practical guide to structuring their answers effectively. These solutions will help students refine their exam approach and improve their performance.
I hope this edition proves even more helpful and engaging for aspirants. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, the possibility of minor errors cannot be ruled out. I sincerely welcome feedback, corrections, and suggestions for further improvement in future editions.
Mr. Zaffar Naqvi
Author
CONTENTS
Section ~ I ~ Basic Concepts
Crime, Criminality and Criminal Behavior
Ø Difference between Crime, Criminality and Criminal behavior
Ø Definition of “Crime” by Criminologists
Typologies of Crimes and Focus of Typology
Ø Different Types / Typologies of Crimes
Ø General Categories of Crime and Criminals
Ø Occasional Criminal
Ø Habitual Criminal
Ø Professional Criminals
Ø White Collar Crime (WCC)
Ø Organized Crimes
Ø Corporate Crime
Ø Victimless Crimes of Crimes without victim
Ø Violent Crimes
Ø Economic / Financial Crimes
Ø More Types of Crimes with Reference to Criminal Law of Pakistan
Ø Legal Elements of “Crime”
Understanding Criminology
Ø Nature of Criminology
Ø Scope of Criminology
Ø Importance of Criminology
Ø Criminology in Pakistan: As an Academic Discipline
Ø Criminal Law and Criminology
Ø Criminology and Criminal Investigation
Ø Criminology and Forensics
Other Concepts Related to Crime
Ø Deviance
Ø Sin
Section-I
Basic Concepts
· Crime, Criminality and Criminal Behavior
· Understanding Criminology
· Crime and Criminals
· Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspective
· Classical School of Thought
· Positivist School of Thought
· Sociological Theory
· New Classical School
· Behavior of Criminal Law
· Islamic Perspective on Crime
Crime, Criminality and Criminal Behavior
"Crime" is an everyday phenomenon of human life. It's as old as the human race itself. However the term "crime", according to Merriam Webster Dictionary, owes its origin to the Latin word CRIMIN which meant "accusation". Subsequently the term CRIMEN was used in French, during 12th century" connoting "fault" or "sin". The earliest use of the word "crime" in English Language is traced back to 13th century with almost similar meanings as the term "crime" is meant today.
Crimes pose a serious threat to social order, and no society on earth is entirely immune to them, despite variations in crime rates across jurisdictions. It is therefore challenge for the states and societies across the globe to overcome the crimes in order to maintain social order. Crimes are often perpetrated against life and property of the people and it's the primary obligation of the state to protect life and property of its citizens. Thus it can be said that prevention of crimes is amongst the fundamental obligations of a state.
Difference between Crime, Criminality and Criminal behavior:
The term "Crime", "Criminality" and "Criminal Behavior", though ordinarily used interchangeably, have distinct meanings, though they are closely connected.
Crime:
A crime is an act that violates the law and is punishable by it. For example, theft is a crime in Pakistan because it breaches the law and is punishable under Section 379 of the Pakistan Penal Code. A bank robbery is classified as a crime because it is an act specifically defined and prohibited by law (under Section 392 of the Pakistan Penal Code). It is the law that defines what constitutes a crime and prescribes punishments, which may include fines. imprisonment, or even the death penalty.
Criminality: Its criminal mindedness. Criminality is a more general term that means the state or quality of being a criminal. It can be thought of as a person's tendency or desire to break the law. For example, a person with criminality might regularly plant and think about committing robberies due to reasons like greed or excitement. Their mindset and disregard for the law make them likely to engage in such actions, even if they haven’t practically done so yet.
Criminal Behavior: Criminal behavior is any action that leads to or is a crime. It is a more general term that can include a wide range of actions, thoughts, and habits that lead up to a crime. For example, if someone frequently studies the security of different banks, carries weapons illegally, or practices scenarios of robbing banks, these actions demonstrate criminal behavior. Even if they have not committed a robbery yet, these behaviors show an inclination toward engaging in criminal acts. Criminologists and psychologists often study criminal behavior to find out why people do bad things. They do this to try to identify and stop future crimes.
PREFACE
2025 Edition
I feel a great sense of accomplishment and pride in presenting the 4th edition of this book. With each edition, I have made extensive revisions to ensure that the content remains aligned with the CSS Criminology syllabus, past examination trends, and expected patterns. This book is structured to help aspirants develop a clear understanding of key concepts and confidently attempt the exam.
A major enhancement in this edition is the inclusion of the latest solved past papers. In previous editions, the CSS Criminology papers for 2022 and 2023 were solved. This time, the latest past papers have been added with detailed solutions, providing aspirants with a practical guide to structuring their answers effectively. These solutions will help students refine their exam approach and improve their performance.
I hope this edition proves even more helpful and engaging for aspirants. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, the possibility of minor errors cannot be ruled out. I sincerely welcome feedback, corrections, and suggestions for further improvement in future editions.
Mr. Zaffar Naqvi
Author
CONTENTS
Section ~ I ~ Basic Concepts
Crime, Criminality and Criminal Behavior
Ø Difference between Crime, Criminality and Criminal behavior
Ø Definition of “Crime” by Criminologists
Typologies of Crimes and Focus of Typology
Ø Different Types / Typologies of Crimes
Ø General Categories of Crime and Criminals
Ø Occasional Criminal
Ø Habitual Criminal
Ø Professional Criminals
Ø White Collar Crime (WCC)
Ø Organized Crimes
Ø Corporate Crime
Ø Victimless Crimes of Crimes without victim
Ø Violent Crimes
Ø Economic / Financial Crimes
Ø More Types of Crimes with Reference to Criminal Law of Pakistan
Ø Legal Elements of “Crime”
Understanding Criminology
Ø Nature of Criminology
Ø Scope of Criminology
Ø Importance of Criminology
Ø Criminology in Pakistan: As an Academic Discipline
Ø Criminal Law and Criminology
Ø Criminology and Criminal Investigation
Ø Criminology and Forensics
Other Concepts Related to Crime
Ø Deviance
Ø Sin
Section-I
Basic Concepts
· Crime, Criminality and Criminal Behavior
· Understanding Criminology
· Crime and Criminals
· Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspective
· Classical School of Thought
· Positivist School of Thought
· Sociological Theory
· New Classical School
· Behavior of Criminal Law
· Islamic Perspective on Crime
Crime, Criminality and Criminal Behavior
"Crime" is an everyday phenomenon of human life. It's as old as the human race itself. However the term "crime", according to Merriam Webster Dictionary, owes its origin to the Latin word CRIMIN which meant "accusation". Subsequently the term CRIMEN was used in French, during 12th century" connoting "fault" or "sin". The earliest use of the word "crime" in English Language is traced back to 13th century with almost similar meanings as the term "crime" is meant today.
Crimes pose a serious threat to social order, and no society on earth is entirely immune to them, despite variations in crime rates across jurisdictions. It is therefore challenge for the states and societies across the globe to overcome the crimes in order to maintain social order. Crimes are often perpetrated against life and property of the people and it's the primary obligation of the state to protect life and property of its citizens. Thus it can be said that prevention of crimes is amongst the fundamental obligations of a state.
Difference between Crime, Criminality and Criminal behavior:
The term "Crime", "Criminality" and "Criminal Behavior", though ordinarily used interchangeably, have distinct meanings, though they are closely connected.
Crime:
A crime is an act that violates the law and is punishable by it. For example, theft is a crime in Pakistan because it breaches the law and is punishable under Section 379 of the Pakistan Penal Code. A bank robbery is classified as a crime because it is an act specifically defined and prohibited by law (under Section 392 of the Pakistan Penal Code). It is the law that defines what constitutes a crime and prescribes punishments, which may include fines. imprisonment, or even the death penalty.
Criminality: Its criminal mindedness. Criminality is a more general term that means the state or quality of being a criminal. It can be thought of as a person's tendency or desire to break the law. For example, a person with criminality might regularly plant and think about committing robberies due to reasons like greed or excitement. Their mindset and disregard for the law make them likely to engage in such actions, even if they haven’t practically done so yet.
Criminal Behavior: Criminal behavior is any action that leads to or is a crime. It is a more general term that can include a wide range of actions, thoughts, and habits that lead up to a crime. For example, if someone frequently studies the security of different banks, carries weapons illegally, or practices scenarios of robbing banks, these actions demonstrate criminal behavior. Even if they have not committed a robbery yet, these behaviors show an inclination toward engaging in criminal acts. Criminologists and psychologists often study criminal behavior to find out why people do bad things. They do this to try to identify and stop future crimes.